Increases in last-mile transport contribute to congestion and pollution in urban environments. To make deliveries more sustainable, they may be integrated with existing public transport infrastructure, e.g., metros or trams. This integration can rely on alternative operational modes: shared...

The Electric Vehicle Scheduling Problem (E-VSP) complicates traditional bus scheduling for public transport by restricting the range of the buses. To compensate for these limitations, detours to charging stations become necessary in order to charge the vehicle batteries. Charging is a nonlinear...