-achieving students and no significant effects among low achievers. Students in top tracking enjoyed multiple advantages, particularly a … concentration of high-performing peers and a very homogeneous classroom, that facilitated the teacher's work and increased students …' effort l evels. Bimodal classes fostered greater effort levels among top students, while teachers induced less competition …

Despite its efficiency in tailoring education to the needs of students, a tracking system has the inherent problem of … misallocating students to tracks because of incomplete information at the time of the tracking decision. This paper investigates the … effects of attending a more advanced track in middle school on long-term education and labor market outcomes for Germany, a …