PISA is seen as the gold standard for evaluating educational outcomes worldwide. Yet, being a low-stakes exam, students may not take it seriously resulting in downward biased scores and inaccurate rankings. This paper provides a method to identify and account for non-serious behavior in...

International vergleichende Schulleistungsuntersuchungen wie das Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) der Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) oder die Internationale...