Retail investors are prone to the disposition effect and submit many more limit orders than market orders. Mechanical effects stemming from the price-contingency conditions for order executions can lead these limit orders to inflate an investor's measured disposition effect (Linnainmaa 2010)....

Despite hundreds of papers confirming the existence of the disposition effect, too little attention has been devoted to the prevailing arguments on the choice of a given method to measure it. This paper fills this gap and compares different measurement approaches. First, based on empirical and...

We measure the extent to which consolidated liquidity in modern fragmented equity markets overstates true liquidity due to a phenomenon that we call Ghost Liquidity (GL). GL exists when traders place duplicate limit orders on competing venues, intending for only one of the orders to execute, and...