1. Introduction. 2. Trading Mechanisms. 3. The Roll Model of Trade Prices. 4. Univariate Time-Series Analysis. 5. Sequential Trade Models. 6. Order Flow And The Probability of Informed Trading. 7. Strategic Trade Models. 8. A Generalized Roll Model. 9. Multivariate Linear Microstructure Models....

We define low-latency activity as strategies that respond to market events in the millisecond environment, the hallmark of proprietary trading by high-frequency trading firms. We propose a new measure of low-latency activity that can be constructed from publicly-available NASDAQ data to...

At subsecond horizons bids and offers in U.S. equity markets are more volatile than what would be implied by long-term fundamentals. To assess costs and consequences, the paper suggests that traders' random delays (latencies) interact with quote volatility to generate execution price risk and...