We develop a new likelihood-based approach to sign trades in the absence of quotes. It is equally efficient as existing MCMC methods, but more than 10 times faster. It can deal with the occurrence of multiple trades at the same time, and noisily observed trade times. We apply this method to a...

Automated market makers (AMMs) are algorithms that pool liquidity and make it available to liquidity takers by automatically and algorithmically determining an execution price of a trade. In the recent markets for digital assets, a growing number of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges (DEX)...

This paper studies the impact of contracted market makers by investigating the liquidity provider scheme in Sweden. The results show that the stocks become more liquid after the introduction of the contracted market makers. The liquidity improvement is explained by reduced order processing cost...