This paper studies a modern monetary economy: trade in both goods and securities relies on money provided by intermediaries. While money is valued for its liquidity, its creation requires costly leverage. Inflation, security prices and the transmission of monetary policy then depend on the...

I analyze the price discovery process of gold by using high-frequency price series of three commonly traded gold investment products and find that first: modern markets disseminate new gold pricing information in less than one hundred milliseconds. My second finding is that gold future contracts...