This paper presents a synthesized model explaining the returns of short-sale constrained stocks. We combine short-sale constraints that were previously treated individually or in pairs into a more fully specified model. The model is also specified in generally falling versus generally rising...

We assess the effect of four short-sale constraints on stock returns in isolation and in combination, in generally falling versus generally rising markets, and considering relative effects for large/mid-cap versus small/micro-cap firms. There is substantial evidence that our more fully specified...