This chapter studies the negative signals associated with nonpromotion. I first show theoretically that, when workers' productivity rises little with additional years on the same job level, the negative signal associated with nonpromotion leads to wage decreases. On the other hand, when...

In many real-world settings, an action that affects the value of a product or service is self-reported rather than publicly observable. This, in turn introduces the possibility of misrepresentation. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of self-reporting. A sender chooses an action and...