Since 1973 currency market has been dominated by US-Dollar cycles, the so called long swings. The long swinging behaviour of the dollar has been confirmed also by its strong depreciation against the Euro, registered in the last three years. Periods of steady appreciation followed by period of...

Markov chain theory is proving to be a powerful approach to bootstrap highly nonlinear time series. In this work we provide a method to estimate the memory of a Markov chain (i.e. its order) and to identify its relevant states. In particular the choice of memory lags and the aggregation of...