Since 1998, Singapore has had an Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system set up with a network of toll gantries to tax vehicles entering designated areas in the city center during peak hours. Using the congestion rate hike with effect from November 1, 2010 as an exogenous shock, we test the effects...

Exploiting a novel panel dataset of consumer financial transactions in Singapore, we examine the consumption response to an anticipated, transitory price shock generated by the nation-wide annual sale event. Consistent with theory, we find inter-temporal substitution where consumers spend less...