fiscal consolidation and sluggish growth. EU eastward enlargement has - among other things - been conditioned on tackling … hardening. Yet, toughening the EU stance or reducing the number of enlargement rounds may have ambiguous effects. Second …, estimating SBC hardening in a partial adjustment model by measuring the reaction of employment to output changes we find that EU …

At the end of June 1999 the intra-EU duty free shopping was abolished among the fifteen member nations. The opponents … of this resolution argued that such a tax-free sales sector created jobs EU-wide and hardly reduced the value added and … the travel fare within the EU but also could be characterised as a supplement to the normal retail trade for some products …