Neither the notion of non-standard employment nor the concept of self-employment are well-defined at national and EU-level. For non-standard employment, we rely on the ILO definition. By people in self-employment, we understand people working for their own account. One of the challenges of...

In 2008, the European Commission Recommendation on active inclusion set out common principles and practical guidelines for a comprehensive strategy based on three integrated pillars: adequate income support, inclusive labour markets and access to quality services. This built on the 1992 Council...

Assessing the adequacy of minimum income benefits for individuals with low or no income is a timely topic, as vulnerable groups face increasing labour market fragmentation and precarious conditions amid economic downturn and inflation. In 2023, there were around 94.6 million people in the EU at...

The Council endorsed on 4 October 2012 the main features of an instrument, proposed by the Social Protection Committee (SPC), called the "Social Protection Performance Monitor" (SPPM) aimed at contributing to strengthening the monitoring of the social situation and the development of social...