Digital tools potentially enable remote collaboration. Analyzing how some 191 thousand software developers in the United States collaborate on the largest online opensource code repository platform, I find 79.8% of users clustering in only ten economic areas. Conditional on economic-area...

Digital platforms alter almost every industry in the modern economy (De Reuver et al., 2018). For instance, in the media industry, there is an increasing shift from traditional media outlets such as newspapers and television to online newspapers, social media, or platforms such as Netflix or...

Computers are different from hammers because, unlike hammers, they can operate autonomously, manipulate symbols, and modify themselves. This paper analyzes the factor behind the phenomenon of the de-materialization of advanced economies: combinations of electronic hardware and software; considers...