A lack of longitudinal data prevents many countries from estimating dynamic models and, thus, from obtaining valuable evidence for policy making in the field of education. This is the case of Spain, where recent education reforms have targeted secondary schools, but their design has been based...

In the academic year of 2004-2005 the Spanish region of Madrid began to implement a bilingual educational programme in public schools. Currently, 45% of the public educational system (primary and secondary) participates in the bilingual programme of the Community of Madrid (hereinafter MBP). One...