China's environmental regulators have sought to reduce the Yangtze River's water pollution. We document that this regulatory effort has had two unintended consequences. First, the regulation's spatial differential stringency has displaced economic activity upstream. As polluting activity...

Using household data from samples covering 18 provinces in 1988 and 1995, income inequality within and between counties in rural Chinas assessed. The approach enables to aggregate average income and inequality to the levels of provinces and the three regions comprising eastern, central and...