The U.S. equity market changed dramatically in recent years. Increasing automation and the entry of new trading platforms has resulted in intense competition among trading platforms. Despite these changes, traders still face the same challenges as before. They seek to minimize the total cost of...

This article uses a variety of contemporary developments to address artificial market pricing and market manipulation. It examines a variety of modern trading tactics and manipulation strategies in the context of trading and order mechanics. For example, I raise the connection between so-called...