This paper isolates the causal effect of policing on group violence, using unique panel data on self-reported crime by soccer and ice hockey hooligans. The problem of reverse causality from violence to policing is solved by two drastic reallocations of the Stockholm Supporter Police unit to...

This paper studies how surveillance cameras affect unruly spectator behaviour in the highest Swedish soccer league. Swedish stadiums introduced surveillance cameras at different points in time during the years 2000 and 2001. I exploit the exogenous variation that occurred due to differences...

This paper studies how surveillance cameras affect unruly spectator behaviour in the highest Swedish soccer league. Swedish stadiums introduced surveillance cameras at different points in time during the years 2000 and 2001. I exploit the exogenous variation that occurred due to differences...