Investors with a pro-social or sustainability agenda increasingly attempt to influence firm managers to adopt socially responsible behavior, either through positive/reward tactics or negative/punishment tactics. This paper considers how investors can use each approach to differentially influence...

In the decades since R. Edward Freeman first introduced stakeholder theory, which views firms in terms of their relationships to a broad set of partners, the stakeholder approach has drawn increasing attention as a model for ethical business. Edited by Freeman, alongside other leading scholars...

Prior work in business experimentation concludes that involving other stakeholders besides the entrepreneur mitigates the challenge of biased experimental decision-making. However, this work also maintains a key simplifying assumption—that the actors involved have a common goal to maximize...