This paper sets out the relevance of certification for the enforcement of transnational private regulation. It discusses the function of certification, offers a typology of certification schemes and analyses its relationship with regulatory enforcement. To illustrate these elements, the Chapter...

The following paper looks at transnational regulatory cooperation between public international organizations and private regulatory entities. The argument advanced is that regulators cooperate because in the undefined global space with an unclear and often inexistent hierarchical framework it is...

In June, 2007 the province of Ontario, Canada, released environmental penalties (EPs) regulations. EPs (or administrative penalties, as they are called in the US) are the environmental equivalent of speeding tickets for facilities that violate pollution laws. They are found in numerous...

The relationship between a company’s influence and its social responsibilities is the subject of persistent controversy, manifested for example in the debate over the use of the concept of “sphere of influence” (SOI) to define the scope of a company’s social responsibility. Early drafts...