Linear discriminant analysis for multiple groups is typically carried out using Fisher's method. This method relies on the sample averages and covariance matrices computed from the different groups constituting the training sample. Since sample averages and covariance matrices are not robust, it...

Logistic regression is frequently used for classifying observations into two groups. Unfortunately there are often outlying observations in a data set, who might affect the estimated model and the associated classification error rate. In this paper, the effect of observations in the training...

Economic sentiment surveys are carried out by all European Union member states on a monthly basis. The survey outcomes are used to obtain early insight into future economic evolutions and often receive extensive press coverage. Based on these surveys, the European Commission constructs an...