Energy-related CO2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied at the national level in recent years. The embodiment estimates help to explain the “weak carbon leakage” between industrial and developing countries and to reveal the so-called “consumption-based”...

Energy-related CO2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input–output framework. Despite the increasing interest in using the multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model by researchers, few studies have looked into the...