While permutation tests and bootstraps have very wide-ranging application, both share a common potential drawback: as data-intensive resampling methods, both can be runtime prohibitive when applied to large or even medium-sized data samples drawn from large datasets. The data explosion over the...

Six permutation test algorithms coded in SAS® are compared. The fastest (“OPDN”), which uses no modules beyond Base SAS®, achieves speed increases orders of magnitude faster than the relevant “built-in” SAS® procedures (over 215x faster than Proc SurveySelect, over 350x faster than...