We overcome the limitations of the previous literature in the European options pricing. In doing so, we provide a closed-form formula that doesn't require any numerical/computational methods. The formula is as simple as the classical Black-Scholes pricing formula. In addition, we simultaneously...

We provide explicit, simple price formulas for the Europeanoptions under stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rate. The formulasare as simple as the classical Black-Scholes formula. Moreover, the formulasdo not require the normality of the returns. We do not need to know thedistribution...

We present a formal theorem of the square root of the Brownian motion. In doing so, we show that this process can be presented as a typical complex random variable. In addition, we introduce the basic properties of this process