For several decades growth of traffic volumes has outstrippedinvestments inroad infrastructure. The result has been a relentless increase intrafficcongestion. This paper reviews the economic principles behindcongestionpricing in static and dynamic settings, which derive from thebenefits...

Transportation researchers have long struggled to find satisfactory ways ofdescribing and analysing traffic congestion, as evident from the large numberof often competing approaches and models that have been developed. This paperaims to provide a review of the literature on this topic. The paper...

This report takes stock of scientific findings to date regarding the distributional effects of policies discouraging car use in urban areas. These policies include cordon tolls, distance-based charges, fuel taxes, parking measures and public transport subsidies. The report describes the...