The study of open innovation has primarily focused on the benefits and consequences of inbound or outbound innovation exchange between firms; however, increasingly firms may be engaged in simultaneous inbound and outbound exchange forming a “coupled” approach. Furthermore, firms increasingly...

Design professionals have increasingly sought to provide clients not only with design solutions to fit existing plans but also with strategic advice for future opportunities. What specific strategic roles can designers play? This study was based on field research with London-based designers and...