We determine the degree to which observed student performance in microeconomics principles can be attributed, inferentially, to three kinds of student academic productivity, the instructor, demographics, and unmeasurables. The empirical approach utilizes an ordered probit model that relates...

This paper examines how grade incentives affect student learning across a variety of courses at two universities, using for identification the discrete rewards offered by the standard A-F letter grade system. We develop five predictions about effort provision in the presence of the thresholds...