Related to several efforts by governments to attain United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, subsidy vouchers are used to provide monetary support to income-eligible (IE) families who cannot afford child care. However, IE families are often unable to accept an offered voucher due to an...

Most subsidy welfare programs operate in a bilevel hierarchical structure, wherein a funding agency allocates funds to multiple service agencies. These service agencies invest in activities within their areas to generate social impact for beneficiaries by enhancing the quantity and quality of...