This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive restrictions and changes in many areas of life, including professional sports. In football, many games were cancelled and then five instead of three substitutions were allowed with the unchanged maximum of three time-outs. This initially temporary, but...

This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive restrictions and changes in many areas of life, including professional sports. In football, many games were cancelled and then five instead of three substitutions were allowed with the unchanged maximum of three time-outs. This initially temporary, but...