This paper analyses the new discipline on state-owned enterprises contained in the recently concluded Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement, and evaluates various factors that influenced the shaping of its specific rules. The new discipline consolidates and strengthens related provisions in...

"This comparison of EU and WTO approaches to common trade-liberalisation challenges brings together eighteen authors from Europe and America. Together they explore fundamental legal issues, such as the role of general principles of law, the role of the judiciary in the development of law, the...

We revisit the topic of national favoritism in government procurement in the context of international trade, focusing on the impact of a participation/transition cost difference between domestic and foreign firms. Our public tender model generates two kinds of equilibrium outcomes, where a...

The European Union has erected a significant new barrier to foreign competitors that seek to compete in EU Member State public procurements. In the European Union there are uniform rules (known as “State aid” rules) on subsidies for all Member States, which are intended to ensure that...

This study presents an exploratory analysis of export subsidies in the services field. It draws from a variety of sources in an effort to provide insights into the characteristics and use of these measures. The report, while not generating accurate measures of the extent and effects of export...

The recent surge in competition between state and private firms in global markets calls for a reflection on how to minimise any potentially distortionary effects on international trade and investment created by state enterprises while at the same time restraining any undue protectionist policy...