Two-invoice mechanism (TIM) was introduced by the Chinese government with the purpose of reducing pharmaceutical prices. This paper studies the impact of the TIM on a pharmaceutical supply chain consisting of a manufacturer, buyer, and agent (in the absence of a TIM) or a third-party (in the...

Purpose - The advanced technology enables retailers to develop customer profile analysis (CPA) to implement personalized pricing. However, considering the efficiency of developing CPA, the benefit to different retailers of implementing more precise personalized pricing remains unclear. Thus,...

Purpose: The authors investigate the manufacturer's choice of discount schemes in a supply chain with competing retailers. Design/methodology/approach: Using a game-theoretic model, the authors build two discount frameworks and compare and analyze the effects of different discount schemes on the...

Purpose: The authors investigate the manufacturer's choice of discount schemes in a supply chain with competing retailers. Design/methodology/approach: Using a game-theoretic model, the authors build two discount frameworks and compare and analyze the effects of different discount schemes on the...

Capital constraints are prevalent in supply chains. Since traditional bank financing is often inaccessible, especially for small and medium enterprises, two new alternatives, purchase order financing (POF) and buyer direct financing (BDF), are receiving increasing attention for financing...