With global specialization and trade, countries make directly but also indirectly use of the environment via traded goods. Based on the theory of comparative advantages, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek approach, we are using the Ecological Footprint as a broad measure of environmental use because its...

This essay offers an alternative way to look at macroeconomics. The current standard approach uses aggregate supply and aggregate demand (AS-AD). I call the alternative approach patterns of sustainable specialization and trade (PSST). The PSST approach combines many old and new strands in...

Energy source and flows have been closely linked with development and industrialization. However, its impact on environment and its sustainability have been exogenous to the tradition development pathway. In this paper we adapt two concepts of Comparative advantages and Latecomer advantages to...