As its workforce ages and major economies shift towards producing higher value-added goods and services, New Zealand will face increasing challenges to remain globally competitive and maintain high living standards. Future growth will need to come increasingly from productivity gains, and...

This report estimates the CO2 emissions of freight transport on a hypothetical high-speed rail (HSR) line along the northern route, from Lyon to Warsaw, of a 'European Silk Road' (ESR). Using a methodology consisting of predictions regarding the freight-carrying capacity of the future HSR, and...

Nitrogen management policies introduced in the past decades by some OECD countries have succeeded in reducing excess nitrogen use by farmers, but half of global mineral fertiliser use is still lost for crops. While about half of OECD countries have nutrient surpluses of between 25-50 kg N per...

Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of more than 110 million. With over 10 percent growth rate, the Ethiopian economy has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world over the last one and half decades. By any measure agriculture is the...

This paper explores whether and how well the Philippines' Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and National Climate Budget (NCB), derived from the national climate change expenditure tagging system (CCET), are aligned. The CCET was operationalized in 2015 to "provide line and oversight...

We offer an applied approach to the double materiality assessment of environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters, which could serve as practical guidance to the 60K companies required by EU regulation (CSRD) to carry out this assessment. Focussing on the financial materiality of climate...