Studies have used ESG ratings to measure CSR; however, these ratings provide an overall measure that does not consider the capabilities of companies to fulfil social and environmental standards. We propose a cross-sectional regression to estimate inclusive ESG ratings in order to assess...

Green bonds are about a decade old financial instrument with cash flows earmarked to improve the environment or combat climate change. We show the spectacular growth of the asset class over time, but note that it is currently still less than 1% of the entire fixed income market. The composition...

This paper examines the sustainability characteristics of listed firms that raise fresh capital by issuing stocks or bonds. Issuance, i.e. the primary market, should be of paramount importance to sustainable investors since this is where the demand for and supply of capital meet, contrary to the...