Most scholars, professionals, parents, governments, and societies strongly believe that education, especially tertiary education, provides important economic and social benefits to everyone involved. Furthermore, tertiary education is recently considered as an important investment. Students...

The magnitude of global financial and economic crises in recent years have increased significantly and become almost unbearable, causing investors to lose confidence in the whole financial system. A wide range of internal and external factors can certainly influence the intensity of a financial...

The world has seen two major financial and economic crises in less than two decades, which have shaken investor confidence in the financial systems, resulted in tens of hundreds of billions of loss, and left behind dislocated societies in many regions. Everything started in the summer months of...

Turkey has experienced the biggest financial and economic shock in 2001 resulting a massive overhauling of its entire banking system that eventually cost the government over $50 billion. The IMF was involved in the recovery process from the beginning providing Turkey nearly $24 billion of...

The dollar's dominance as the world's reserve currency was inaugurated at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference where the agreement was signed by the 44 wartime allies, but the dollar's hegemony was solidified in 1971 when US President Nixon cut the dollar's link to gold. True, the fixed exchange...

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolished the Ottoman Empire in 1922 by overthrowing the last sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin and established the Republic of Turkey as a secular state on 29 October 1923. After Atatürk’s death on 10 November 1938, the Turkish Armed Forces has safeguarded his principles...

Huge difference a decade makes; from an uninterrupted growth in one decade (i.e. birth of the Justice and Development Party – AKP in August 2001 and the rise of the AKP during 2002-2013) to another decade of unorthodox policies induced by ever more authoritarianism (i.e. the loss of Istanbul...

After Atatürk’s death (November 10, 1938), the Turkish military saw itself as the unquestioned sole guardian of Atatürk’s principles - secularism and national unity. The Turkish military protected the country against authoritarian and anti-secular policies in the 1950s, extreme anarchy in...

Turks have been around for thousands of years, who have established many states and empires in the “land of Turks” referring to Anatolia (Asia Minor) and the Eastern Thrace. The life of Turks, previously in the Altai Mountains of western Mongolia, commenced in the interior of Asia Minor when...