The EU tariff schedule includes many specific and composite tariffs as well as tariff-rate quotas (TRQs). Hence, different patterns of trade liberalisation might have different consequences for both producers and consumers through changes in the composition of trade. We illustrate the issues at...

In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between quot;opennessquot; and quot;protectionquot; measures. The aim of this paper is to bring together the quot;state of the artquot; in quantifying trade policy measures, so we focus on the extent of the protection granted...

There seems to be some confusion between openness and protection measures in the international trade literature. The aim of this paper is to bring together the state of the art in quantifying trade policy measures and, for this reason, we focus on the extent of the protection granted by policies...