Performance evaluation in conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) requires crisp numerical values. However, the observed values of the input and output data in real-world problems are often imprecise or vague. These imprecise and vague data can be represented by linguistic terms...

In a competitive environment, health care organizations must continuously improve their productivity to sustain long-term growth and profitability. Good productivity performance has been mostly assumed to be a natural outcome of successful health care management. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)...