Firms in the financial services industry have been faced with the dramatic and relatively recent emergence of new technology innovations, and process disruptions. The industry as a whole, and many new fintech start-ups are looking for new pathways to successful business models, the creation of...

There are many situations where policy makers would like to induce firms to make a major discrete conversion in production technology to help the environment. This paper examines how heterogeneity in the operating condition of firms’ plant and equipment, which cannot be observed by policy...