It is now fairly well established both in theory and practice that if industrial R&D is left entirely in the hands of private sector enterprises there will be under investments. The desire to under invest is proportional to the size of the spill-over gap. In order to correct for these, public...

This paper argues that the notion of interdependence between technologies and institutions which Dalum, Johnson, Lundvall (in Lundvall ed,. 1992) incorporate in the national system of innovation (NSI) approach is valid not only on the national level, but also on all levels of social...

This paper suggests that specific circumstances provide substantial - and historic - opportunities for Poland as a pioneer of a 'greener post-communism'. These are: the paradoxical effects of membership in the Soviet bloc which present the Polish reformers with important opportunities for...

This paper examines the development of the Chinese electronics and information industry (IT) during the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, aimed to explain, from the perspective of endogenous factors, how a less developed economy gets access to the so called information revolution in a...

Brazil is among the few developing countries with a domestic production of digital telecom equipment. This achievement is a combined result of public-private co-operation through which effective access to new technologies and a climate that fosters their diffusion were established. Reasonable...

This paper develops implications of National Innovation Systems (NIS) from the perspective of developing countries. A review of the development of NIS in the OECD context reveals that the notion of national innovation systems is a synthesis made at the national and other societal levels, of the...

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects on Intellectual Property Rights, 1995, has introduced several mandatory changes to patent protection on pharmaceuticals that can affect health care and delivery in developing countries. The potential detrimental impacts of such IPR protection raise three...