Innovation actions were introduced in Horizon 2020 to help bringing discoveries to the market. Most of them demonstrate the application of new knowledge in real-life conditions. The very first projects started in 2014 and it still is too early for them to produce final results, but a short study...

The viability of modern open science norms and practices depend on public disclosure of new knowledge, methods, and materials. However, increasing industry funding of research can restrict the dissemination of results and materials. We show, through a survey sample of 837 German scientists in...

We investigate the effect of R&D subsidies on firms’ innovation by ownership, industry, and firm size using German firm-level data. The impact of R&D subsidies is heterogeneous across industries for multinational corporations (MNCs) and domestic firms while it does not differ substantially by...