Concern exists that public funding of science is increasingly risk averse. Funders have addressed this concern by soliciting the submission of high-risk research to either regular or specially designed programs. Little evidence, however, has been gathered to examine the extent to which such...

Science discovers the root causes of phenomena to explain and predict them in a context of adaptation of life to new economic and social bases, whereas scientific research is a systematic process, applying methods of scientific inquiry, to solve consequential problems, to satisfy human wants, to...

A fundamental problem in the field of social studies of science is why nations produce scientific achievements. Many studies have analyzed characteristics of science and scientific research. However, the motivations of nations to produce scientific research are elusive. Firstly, this study...

In the wake of the global crisis the issue of innovation development is mentioned more of-ten than in previous years, despite the fact that "innovation" context has greatly contrasted with the actual results of the formation of the national innovation economy. The principal difference last year...

The scientific sphere saw continuation of the measures initiated between 2009 and 2010. The Russian research complex displayed certain positive shifts, though they fell short of being of magnitude sufficient to be mirrored by statistics. There also were alarm bells: specifically, against the...

Last year, the subject of innovation development formed one of the top public policy priorities. That manifested itself in the rise of new initiatives on support of university research, development of interaction between science and business, and encouragement of the latter's innovation...

This paper identifies the degree to which scientists are willing to change the direction of their work in exchange for resources. Data from the National Institutes of Health are used to estimate how scientists respond to targeted funding opportunities. Inducing a scientist to change their...

How should the productivity of research universities be measured? This task is difficult but important. The recent Research Excellence Framework in the UK, which was based on peer review, suggests that there has been a marked improvement in UK academic research in economics and in many other...

Science, technology and innovation (STI) have played a key role in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and the unprecedented socio-economic crisis it has triggered. This paper explores how the pandemic affected STI in 2020, including how STI was mobilised to provide vaccines, treatments and...