Next Generation Access Networks will enable much higher bandwidths than copper based access networks. Although technological progress provides for higher bandwidth on copper as well, most experts agree that next generation access networks finally will be based on fibre optic cables in the entire...

Unbundling of the local loop (ULL) has seen quite different success stories in the various countries across Europe. Although the obligation for the provision of ULL was implemented in the regulatory framework early and mostly parallel to other means of liberalisation, national implementation has...