A blockchain is a digital ledger that keeps track of a record of ownership without the need for a designated party to update and enforce changes to the record. The updating of the ledger is done directly by the users of the blockchain and is traditionally governed by a proof-of-work (PoW)...

This chapter provides an overview of crypto tokens and token offerings. Based on both utility tokens and security tokens, this chapter reviews the economics of tokens and token offerings. Specifically, it discusses the economic value of tokens for the financing, operations, and corporate...

Closely related to the entire humanity, Finance, as a scientific field, seeks to meet humanity’s endless needs and to continue its race against time. While doing so, it also benefits from other branches of science. Since speed, reliability, accessibility are at the forefront of model...