The granting of publicly subsidized joint projects has become a popular policy instrument in both Germany and the European Union. However, little is known about how the emerging subsidized network affects the allocation process of future project grants. Employing unique databases containing...

The US government has decidedly moved towards encouraging co-operation in research and development (R&D) between firms, universities, and other research institutes since the early 1980s. The Republican Administration in the early 1980s set the stage for a radical shift in market environment...