In most European countries, money wages are given in collective agreements or individual employment contracts, and the employer cannot unilaterally cut wages, even after the expiration of a collective agreement. Ceteris paribus, workers have a stronger bargaining position when they try to...

In an economy with large wage setters (like industry unions), the menetary regime affects the trade-of between consumer real wages and employment and profits faced by the wage setters. This paper shows that an exchange rate target, including participartion in a monetary union, is like to involve...