The well known economic advantage of tradable permits over command and control obviously vanishes if firms do not trade because of regulatory uncertainty. In fact, uncertainty about political decision changes in the permits program could make firms reluctant to participate in tradable permits...

This paper considers a permit market with both spatial and intertemporal trading. The intertemporal market allows firms to freely borrow or bank permits over a pre-specified period of time. When this period is over, the permit bank has to be balanced, so firms cannot avoid compliance just by...

Using the capital asset pricing model, this article critically assesses the relative importance of computing 'realized' betas from high-frequency returns for Bitcoin and Ethereum-the two major cryptocurrencies-against their classic counterparts using the 1-day and 5-day return-based betas. The...