This paper proposes a simple framework to better understand an opposition group's choice between peace, terrorism, and open civil conflict against the government. Our model implies that terrorism emerges if constraints on the ruling executive group are intermediate and rents are sizeable, hereas...

This paper proposes a simple framework to better understand an opposition group's choice between peace, terrorism, and open civil conflict against the government. Our model implies that terrorism emerges if constraints on the ruling executive group are intermediate and rents are sizeable,...

This paper explores the role and impact of low-carbon certification in a duopolistic competitive market. We establish a model considering customers' green preferences and companies' low-carbon certification decisions under different states of the certification market. Results show that: (1)...

Based on the TGVAR framework, this study examines the asymmetrical global spillover effects in the major areas and countries. Our analysis makes the case that the asymmetries in monetary policy are primarily caused by heterogeneity in monetary policy tool shocks, regional and macroeconomic...