In most European countries, money wages are given in collective agreements or individual employment contracts, and the employer cannot unilaterally cut wages, even after the expiration of a collective agreement. Ceteris paribus, workers have a stronger bargaining position when they try to...

In an economy with large wage setters (like industry unions), the menetary regime affects the trade-of between consumer real wages and employment and profits faced by the wage setters. This paper shows that an exchange rate target, including participartion in a monetary union, is like to involve...

This paper reviews the literature on the effects of low steady-state inflation on wage formation, focusing on four different effects. First, under low inflation, downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) may prevent real wage cuts that would have happened had inflation been higher. Second, wages...