This paper compares various specifications of the gravity model of trade which are commonly used in the literature. It shows that most of them can be regarded as nested versions of a general specification in which the heterogeneity of bilateral country-pair fixed effects is accounted for. This...

This paper argues that it is necessary to allow for country-pair heterogeneity when using the gravity model to estimate international trade flows. We propose and estimate a fixed-effects model that eliminates the heterogeneity bias inherent in standard methods. Further, we show that there is no...

This paper argues that it is necessary to allow for country-pair heterogeneity when using the gravity model to estimate international trade flows. We propose and estimate a fixed-effects model that eliminates the heterogeneity bias inherent in standard methods. Further, we show that there is no...