Recent research suggests that trade costs have a strong influence on the pattern of specialization and trade, but there is limited empirical research on the determinants of trade costs. The existing literature identifies a range of barriers that separate nations, but then typically focuses only...

Considerations of political economy favor higher standards of protection for intellectual property rights. But does stronger protection of intellectual property rights have a positive impact on international trade flows? Yes in the case of nonfuel trade in general, but no evidence is found for...